San Junípero Serra Statues – Ventura and Sacramento, California

 

Removal and Destruction Frameworks. Explore definitions here.

Preface 

The purpose of this case study is to analyze the situation of and disseminate information about two statues of Father San Junípero Serra, a Spanish Roman Catholic priest and missionary of the Franciscan Order, to give historical context and detail the full scope of the issues that led to their removal and destruction in California. Father Junípero Serra remains a controversial figure in California for his role in founding the Mission System, which contributed to the subjugation of Indigenous Americans and the taking of their lands. Many of his supporters maintain that he was a benefactor to the region’s Indigenous peoples and the state of California.

Introduction

California was admitted into the Union on September 9th, 1850, as the 31st state. Many Native American tribes such as the Tolowa, Shasta, Chilula and Wiyot are native to the area that is now the state of California. Today, several mission buildings from the California Mission System stand within the state as monuments and house a plethora of cultural heritage items such as paintings, vestments and statues. Numerous statues of San Junípero Serra are coupled to the Missions. The Serra statues in the California cities of Ventura and Sacramento will be investigated for this case study. 

The Ventura, California, San Junípero Serra Statue once stood in front of the San Buenaventura City Hall in Downtown Ventura. It has since been removed. 

 

Only the pedestal and plaques remain of the Sacramento, California, Serra statue in the Camellia Grove area of Capitol Park. Capitol Park is located near the California State Capitol Building in Downtown Sacramento.

Section 1: Background  

1.1. Historical Context 

Father San Junípero Serra y Ferrer (1713—1784) was an influential Roman Catholic priest of the Franciscan Order from the town of Petra, Mallorca, Spain. By the early 18th century, the Spanish Empire under the Habsburg dynasty was  a superpower that governed an overseas mainland territory with four viceroyalties spanning from Mexico to Argentina; nearly 20 million square kilometers and a population of 60 million inhabitants in its dominion. As a means to ward off other competing colonial powers, the Imperium Hispānicum set out to colonize the United States Southwest. To fulfill this task, the Spanish Empire developed numerous campaigns including expanding the Camino Real (Spanish: The Royal Road) and founding the Missions of Baja California in order to facilitate religious conversion of the Indigenous peoples. 

Father Serra was appointed President of the Baja California Missions by the College of San Fernando in Mexico City, the capital of la Nueva España. He led a group of fifteen friars to further the Missions’ campaign following the expulsion of the Jesuits, who previously held the favor, in the summer of 1767. Twelve months later, José de Gálvez, Inspector General, gave full authority of the Missions’ campaign to the Franciscans after his displeasure with the administration of Gaspar de Portolá, Governor of Las Californias. In late 1768, Gálvez sent Serra, the Franciscans and Spanish explorers further north to Alta California with orders to Christianize the Indigenous population. The expedition was also designed to serve the Imperium’s strategic interest of preventing Russian explorations and claims to the Pacific Coast. It was 277 years after the arrival of Columbus before the Spanish established a permanent settlement in Alta California. Twenty-one missions in total were constructed. Serra founded 9 of the 21 missions: 

1. Mission Basílica San Diego de Alcalá—July 16th, 1769—San Diego, California; 
2. Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo—June 16th, 1770–Carmel-by-the-Sea, California; 
3. Mission San Antonio de Padua—July 14th, 1771—Jolon, California; 
4. Mission San Gabriel Arcángel—September 8th, 1771—San Gabriel, California; 
5. Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa—September 1st, 1772—San Luis Obispo, California; 
6. Mission San Juan Capistrano—November 1st, 1776—San Juan Capistrano, California; 
7. Mission San Francisco de Asís—June 29th, 1776—San Francisco, California. 
8. Mission Santa Clara de Asís—January 12th, 1777—Santa Clara, California, and; 
9. Mission Basílica San Buenaventura—March 31st, 1782—Ventura, California.

Aside from the 21 missions, there were 4 presidios (military posts)—San Diego, Santa Bárbara, Monterey and San Francisco—established by the Spanish Navy as well as numerous Ranchos such as Rancho San Pedro in present-day Dominguez Hills. Ranchos were government-issued land grant titles and unencumbered property ownership rights in Alta California. They were sponsored by the Crown and created to allow Spaniards to retire in the new territory instead of returning to Spain or Mexico. The missions, presidios and ranchos populated by priests, soldiers, settlers and Indigenous Americans made up Spanish California (California Missions Foundation  2022). 

1.2. Creation of the Statues

The statue of San Junípero Serra of Ventura was located on a pedestrian island in front of San Buenaventura City Hall at the intersection of North California Street and Poli Street. The bronze statue that was removed was the second installation and third replica of two previous versions. The original statue of Serra was made of concrete and created by Finish-born American sculptor, Uno John Palo Kangas (1904–1957).

Ventura County and the Works Progress Administration commissioned Kangas to create a statue of Serra for $5,000 USD as part of the Federal Art Project. The Federal Art Project (1935–1943) was a New Deal program created to fund visual arts projects in the United States. 

Serra was chosen to be depicted in front of City Hall given the proximity of the building to Mission Basílica San Buenaventura, the last mission founded by Serra. Kangas visited Missions Santa Bárbara and San Buenaventura to study the style, life and profile of Serra for his work.  The 9 foot 4 inch statue depicts Serra standing with his head facing to the east wearing a Franciscan cassock with a cowl, sandals, a cincture and a rosary, holding a Bible in his left hand and a walking stick in his right hand. The original concrete statue was dedicated on November 27th, 1936, and designated as City of Ventura Historic Landmark No. 3 on February 11th, 1974.  Ventura County passed ownership of the concrete statue to the City of Ventura in the late 1970s. 

In the early 1980s, the deterioration of the concrete statue became a concern. In 1986, the City raised more than $100,000 USD with the help of locals to make a new durable statue. The City commissioned Master Carver Wilbur Rubottom and a team of 16 carvers from the Channel Islands Carvers Club to carve the wood replica. The endeavor was finished in the summer of 1988 and took about 10,000 man-hours to complete. In 1988, the City of Ventura accepted a  $17,000 bid from a group of student artists of the California Sculpture Center at the College of the Desert to create a bronze cast. The bronze cast was unveiled in front of Ventura City Hall at a ceremony on October 20th, 1989 (Hoffman, 1988, A5).

The statue of San Junípero Serra of Sacramento was located within Camellia Grove at the east entrance of the California Capitol State Park on 1300 L Street. The statue was created  by Maurice Lucien Loriaux (1909–1998). The Native Daughters of the Golden West, Native Sons  of the Golden West and the People of the State of California commissioned Loriaux for $38,000  USD. A statue of Serra was deemed most appropriate given the theme of the park itself which pays homage to major contributors in California history. The 8 foot tall bronze statue depicts Serra praying before a bronze diorama of the State of California with markers of the 21 missions.  Surrounding the statue are bronze plates depicting the nine missions founded by Serra himself.  The monument was dedicated on April 7th, 1967.  

Section 2: San Junípero Serra

2.1. Serra the Colonizer 

There are many individuals who have spoken out against Serra, his statues and his legacy, especially Native California Tribes such as the Amah Mutsun Tribe of Monterey. Valentín López,  Chairman of the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band—one of three historic tribes that are recognized as  Ohlone—is one such critic. He stated that Serra,  

was the one who established this system. We wrote a letter to the Pope saying that we do not accept his apologies. If there is ever a way to go forward, we need a healthy  relationship. One of trust, truth and respect. The Catholic Church refuses to recognize  the truth (Correa 2022). 

Much of the controversy surrounding the statues of Serra center around his legacy of founding the Mission System which, as critics assert, took land from Native peoples and held them in custody. According to the Amah Mutsun Tribe, they were forcibly taken to Missions San Juan Bautista and Santa Cruz. López spoke on these issues and for the protection of Juristac, a sacred site near Gilroy, California, at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues on April 17th, 2018. The Amah Mutsun Tribe continues to work on restoring their traditional Indigenous knowledge regarding land stewardship so they can return to their ancestral path. The tribe is very active in conservation and protection efforts within their traditional tribal territory. 

Serra’s critique and the controversy is further exacerbated by the omission of Native American historical traumas within the interpretation of the statues and missions themselves as well as the negative critiques of Serra, the Mission System and the Roman Catholic Church. Freddie Romero, Cultural Resources Specialist of the Federated Indians of Graton Ranchería in Rohnert Park, California, and Former Cultural Resources Coordinator for the Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians Elder’s Council, asserts:  

Like I said, every time I see the Missions, there is a pain I feel because my  ancestors built them—whether it’s Mission Santa Ynez or Santa Bárbara. Now  why can’t this church face this and say this is what we need to do. That is  something that the Catholic Church has to do at the highest level (Correa 2022). 

López, Romero and other California tribal leaders were displeased with Pope Francis’ fast-track decision to canonize San Junípero Serra during his visit to the United States in September 2015 after apologizing for the “grave sins” of colonialism in Bolivia earlier that year (Yardley 2015). Since the completion and installation of the statues, there were no major incidents prior to 2020. 

2.2. Serra the Saint 

Many of Father Serra’s supporters assert that much of the controversy centering around Serra comes from the general lack of knowledge of the Mission period. Anthony Falcón, Librarian and Archivist of Mission Basílica San Diego de Alcalá, mentions that: 

Much of the controversy stems from the Patronato Real because it lumped the  padres and Spanish military together. Much of the abuse of the era came from the soldiers themselves. Fray Luis Jayme—who was California’s first martyr of the Mission after the 1775 uprising—detailed [the] first rapes of the Native women by the soldiers and conducted investigations and interviews. Reports were taken to the then Head of the Soldiers, Pedro Fages, who disciplined them harshly, but could not do much to help them. The punishments later caused many soldiers to flee the Mission altogether (Correa 2022).  

Eventually, Serra’s efforts culminated—amongst other things—in the passage of the  Echaveste Reglamento de Representación de 1774 (Spanish: Echaveste Rule of  Representation of 1774). The Echaveste Rule of Representation of 1774 were 32 provisions intended to protect Native Americans. Falcón continues to say: 

…[Serra] had an audience with the Viceroy, Antonio María de  Bucarelli, who was understanding and sympathetic to his cause. Their meeting culminated in the establishment of the Echaveste Reglamento de  Representación. The Echaveste Reglamento de Representación was a piece of law that set provisions—32 total—to protect the Native Americans. For example, prevent sexual assaults and abuses, remove Pedro Fages as Head of the Soldiers, allow the padres to be the stewards of natives not the soldiers, and much more… (Correa 2022).  

Other supporters of Father Serra claim that misinformation and the mismatching of histories creates another point of contention. Fr. Thomas Elewaut, Director of Historic Mission Sites and Pastor of Mission Basílica San Buenaventura, claims that: 

The statue is controversial because of inadequate and inaccurate information.  Firstly, I think that this is due to the problematic California history always getting lumped together to the Mission Era and on Serra. Secondly, I think this is also due to applying colonial atrocities from the East Coast onto the West Coast. For example, many people believe that the Spanish colonists used the same tactics as British and French colonists. Which was not the case at all. The British and French colonists gave smallpox infested blankets to the Native Americans in order to kill them. The Spaniards were more humanistic, I would say, in their approach and treatment of Native Americans. A lot of good things  happened at the missions… The bronze statue of Serra became an icon of all the bad and ugly. It’s a layering effect. Much is misinformation (Correa 2022).  

Church officials, parishioners and academics are currently ascertaining the best solution to both preserve his statues and open up dialogues in the most constructive manner. For instance, Mission Santa Clara de Asís in Santa Clara, California, has relocated the statue of the saint to the adjoining de Saisset Museum to tell a “broader story of Serra” (Correa 2022).

Section 3: Site Selection

The placement of the statues in front of both San Buenaventura City Hall and the California State Capitol add to the interpretation of the public space. The statue of Serra in Ventura was placed in a prominent location across the street from San Buenaventura City Hall in 1936 to commemorate the contribution of Serra to the city. His contribution was Mission Basílica San Buenaventura; the final mission he founded before passing away. The statue of Junípero Serra in Capitol Park was placed there to commemorate the contributions of Serra to the State of California. Both locations are publicly accessible with high visibility. In this monumental position, visitors are reminded of the prominence and sanctity of Serra and, by extension, of the Roman Catholic Church. These public artworks shed light on power dynamics and the Eurocentric construction of  history. The two statues of Serra recount and laud a limited history of a certain group while omitting the complexities and alternative narratives of the colonial period such as those of the  Barbareño/Ventureño Chumash. The inclusion of additional perspectives through recontextualization and reinterpretation of the Serra statues would make memory and understanding of the Mission period in California history more complete. 

Section 4: Framework – Removal and Destruction

4.1. Ventura, California – Removal 

The statue of San Junípero Serra in Ventura was removed on July 23rd, 2020, under peaceful terms. The Monuments Toolkit Team defines removal as “the act or process of extracting the monument from its original location. The monument exists in its original form, however, it is not accessible to the general public (i.e.  off storage, non-public archives).”  

The removal of the statue of Serra was deemed the appropriate course of action by the City Council of Ventura. According to the account of Ms. Julie Tumamait-Stenslie, former Chairwoman of the Barbareño/Ventureño Band of Mission Indians in Ventura, California, she was compelled to act as she watched the news of statues being torn down across the United States. Ms. Tumamait-Stenslie shares that after being made aware of a local protest to topple the statue of Serra,

[The tribe] met with Fr. Tom Elewaut and Mayor Matt Levere [former]. The women told their stories and the mayor teared up about the stories told by the women. We had a good conversation and by the end of the day the council decided to remove the statue. Unfortunately, they published this without scheduling and led to problems. I have always been outspoken about cultural resources and about appropriation (Correa 2022). 

All three parties—City Council of Ventura, Mission Basílica San Buenaventura and the  Barbareño/Ventureño Band of Mission Indians—concurred with the decision. It was carried out under a tripartite agreement. The mutual agreement called for not only the removal of the  statue to protect it from protestors, but to also have it donated to the Mission. Two days prior to  its removal, a grassroots group called the Coalition for Historical Integrity sued the City on the grounds that the council had “abused their discretion” after discovering that the statue did not  meet the requirements to be designated a historic landmark. The original concrete statue was a landmark, however, the status was not updated when the bronze cast was dedicated. After ascertaining this, the City Council proceeded to remove it without undergoing an environmental review pursuant of the California  Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) as is customary. The statue was stored in an undisclosed location in Los Angeles following removal (Harris 2020). In February 2024, the Serra statue was moved to the Mission Basilica San Buenaventura in downtown Ventura (Kisken 2024). 

4.2. Sacramento, California – Destruction 

The statue of Serra in Sacramento was destroyed on July 4th, 2020. The Monuments Toolkit Team defines destruction as “the act of physically demolishing the monument with no intention to reuse the  materials or display the remnants in any setting.”

In the late evening of July 4th, 2020, protestors gathered around the statue in Capitol Park. A protestor set the monument on fire using an aerosol can before other protestors used straps to tear it off its pedestal. Once the 300 pound statue had fallen, the crowd struck it repeatedly with sledgehammers while spray painting, dancing and chanting, “who do you serve?” (Catholic News Agency Staff 2020).  

Destruction was deemed appropriate by protesters, and done on their own accord without the approval of the City of Sacramento. The ruined statue was recovered by the City and is in storage in an undisclosed location. On September 24th, 2021, California Governor Gavin Newsom signed into law a bill authored by Assemblyman James Ramos, Democrat from Highland, California, and a member of the Serrano/Cahuilla Tribe, that called for the replacement of the Serra statue with one that memorializes California’s Indigenous communities. This law was one of many signed by Governor Newsom centered on issues facing the Native American community. Governor Newsom stated in a news release: 

Today’s action sends a powerful message from the grounds of Capitol Park across  California underscoring the state’s commitment to reckoning with our past and working  to advance a California for All; built on our values of inclusion and equity (Associated  Press 2021). 

In November 2023, a bronze sculpture of William “Bill” Franklin was unveiled in the Serra statue’s former location. According to Jesus Tarango (2020), Chairman of the Wilton Rancheria,  Franklin was a leader in the Native American community who served on the California Native American Heritage Commission and dedicated his life to reviving the traditional song and dance of the Miwok/Nisenan people. Regarding the replacement of Serra’s statue with one of Franklin, Assemblyman Ramos stated: 

Now school-age children and even adults visiting the Capitol will be able to see a California Indian person and start to ask the question, ‘what is the true history,’ and now that opens it up for the Indian community to be able to share that with the state of California…We’re bringing to light the true injustice that has happened against California Indian people (Redd 2023). 

4.3. Approach: Conferences 

The Critical Mission Studies Center of the University of California San Diego (UCSD) is an institution dedicated to investigating the history of the missions and those impacted by them. The Critical Mission Studies Center has hosted events addressing the communities impacted by the missions and monuments. One event in particular, Toppling Mission Monuments and Mythologies: California Indian Scholars and Allies Respond, was held on July 15th, 2020, to detail the key issues underlying the toppling of the Missions’ monuments, and to engage with the public to give context and elevate conversations.

4.4. Approach: Partnerships 

To address the controversy surrounding monuments to San Junípero Serra, a partnership is being formed between the missions and California Native Tribes. Fr. Tom Elewaut, Pastor of Mission Basílica San Buenaventura and Director of Historic Mission Sites, is currently working on a joint project that:  

Pays homage to the original Chumash who built the Mission. The old school  building where I’m sitting was built on top of the old cemetery of the mission era. The old cemetery was moved… Some 3,000-4,000 Natives were buried [there]… The records are difficult to read because of the father’s cursive handwriting written in Castilian Spanish. [Robert López] was reading and writing the translation on 3×5 cards for subsequent interpretation on electronic spreadsheets to connect kinship relationships. He said that he needs about two more years to finish it all and give it to the Chumash, the county museum, the Mission and the Ventura County Archeological Society. My goal is to have an  electronic kiosk to type in and do research by date or name in order to do an archeological investigation here at the Mission. I would also like to have some type of public monument in front of the mission or elsewhere to show some respect to the Chumash (Correa 2022).  

The legal status of the California Missions presents obstacles to some efforts. According to Freddie Romero, the Missions have a special legal status similar to foreign diplomatic missions in host countries. This has affected the ability of Native communities to achieve repatriation of ancestral remains from the church, which would normally be facilitated by the Native Americans Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990. Romero asserts that: 

Under NAGPRA, because it is private property and because it is under the rule of Rome, it is hard to apply the law. It’s similar to an embassy on foreign soil; it is subject to the laws where the entity is from. This is why it is hard to work with these folks. These are policies of their own government in Rome who created their  own doctrines and ordinances. Under the purview, when I look at these things  it’s hard to apply these laws. They try to figure out where they fall under the  act. We ran into these issues when applying these laws…When you asked if NAGPRA applies, it should, but it doesn’t (Correa 2022).

4.5. Possible Approach Identified by Stakeholder: Reinterpretation 

A possible approach would be reinterpretation, which opens up possibilities for Missions, tribes and academics. Dr. Catherine Gudis, Associate Professor of the University of California Riverside (UCR), has stated that one solution to managing these conflicts is reinterpretation:  

I am optimistic of reinterpretation of the missions especially their gardens which are questionable and glorify the past. Reinterpretation would look like this: there would be new panels of text and materials that are representative of the people affected. Interpretation and reinterpretation with multiple voices in councils would be another thing as well (Correa 2022).

Reinterpretation would be favorable to bring forth Native American voices. Native groups like the Amah Mutsun seek to have their voices and opinions heard to shed insight on the  consequences and continued struggles of colonialism. 

Section 5: Conclusion 

This case study aims to highlight the issues and context that led to the removal of the statues of San Junípero Serra formerly located in Sacramento and Ventura, California. The statue of Serra formerly in front of San Buenaventura City Hall was relocated to the Mission Basilica San Buenaventura in February 2024. The destroyed Serra statue formerly located in Sacramento’s Capitol Park was replaced with a statue of Native American leader William “Bill” Franklin in November 2023. Ultimately, both monuments honoring San Junípero Serra were removed from centers of civic business in California. 

References

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Associated Press. 2020. “Statue of missionary Junípero Serra toppled in Sacramento protest.”  Los Angeles Times. July 5, 2020. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-07-05/statue-of-missionary-toppled-in-california-protest. 

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—2020. “Grassroots group sues Ventura over removal of Serra statue from in front  of City Hall.” Ventura County Star News. July 29, 2020. https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/ventura/2020/07/29/ventura sued-over-removal-Junípero-serra-statue-front-city-hall/5516274002. 

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Tarango, Jesus. 2020. “Now That Columbus’ Statue Is Gone, Let’s Replace It With A Native American Monument.” Wilton Rancheria. September 21, 2020. https://wiltonrancheria-nsn.gov/Home/News/TabId/562/ArtMID/2929/ArticleID/1174/Now-that-Columbus%E2%80%99-statue-is-gone-let%E2%80%99s-replace-it-with-a-Native-American-monument.aspx. 

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